Case of the Month | November 2023

Case of the Month
November 28, 2023

The Case

The patient was a 74-year-old woman with a history of a retinal detachment in the right eye treated with vitrectomy and a scleral buckle in 2001, who complained of decreased vision in the right eye for two days. She experienced a total loss of vision in the right eye while vomiting, which lasted for 30-40 minutes. During that time, she saw sparkling lights. Subsequently, when looking at her kitchen tiles there was distortion, and tiles down and to the left of her central vision seemed “skewed” when using her right eye. She had no recent visual changes in the left eye. Her past medical history was remarkable for Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia diagnosed 15 years previously that had not caused significant systemic problems.

The visual acuity was 20/30-1, J1 OD and 20/70, pinhole 20/40, J2 OS. The anterior segment was remarkable for pseudophakia without capsular opacity in both eyes. The posterior segment examination revealed a quiet and empty vitreous in the right eye and a posterior vitreous separation and nonpigmented vitreous debris in the left eye. Fundus findings can be discerned from the images. What was the most likely diagnosis? What treatment, if any, was indicated?

The left fundus had a macular scar, which was likely related to macular degeneration. The right eye had a scleral buckle effect and good retinopexy. There was a brownish superotemporal elevation. The B-scan ultrasound showed superotemporal retinal elevation with moderate internal reflectivity.

The patient had a choroidal hemorrhage, which was likely related to Valsalva retinopathy. When vomiting, the venous pressure increases, which can rupture small blood vessels. Her transient loss of vision was likely due to elevated intraocular pressure due to the fluid volume of the choroidal hemorrhage. Was her Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia a contributing factor? This condition is a rare, incurable, low-grade B-cell lymphoma. Many patients live decades with this condition. It can infiltrate the bone marrow and result in a low platelet count and increased bruising and bleeding. Alternatively, it can result in a hyperviscosity syndrome due to accumulation of IgM paraprotein in the bloodstream, which can predispose to thromboses. Our patient had not had recent easy bruising or bleeding, and the platelet count was normal.

We recommended observation, and the patient cancelled her one-month follow-up appointment, stating that her vision had fully recovered.

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The left fundus had a macular scar, which was likely related to macular degeneration. The right eye had a scleral buckle effect and good retinopexy. There was a brownish superotemporal elevation. The B-scan ultrasound showed superotemporal retinal elevation with moderate internal reflectivity.

The patient had a choroidal hemorrhage, which was likely related to Valsalva retinopathy. When vomiting, the venous pressure increases, which can rupture small blood vessels. Her transient loss of vision was likely due to elevated intraocular pressure due to the fluid volume of the choroidal hemorrhage. Was her Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia a contributing factor? This condition is a rare, incurable, low-grade B-cell lymphoma. Many patients live decades with this condition. It can infiltrate the bone marrow and result in a low platelet count and increased bruising and bleeding. Alternatively, it can result in a hyperviscosity syndrome due to accumulation of IgM paraprotein in the bloodstream, which can predispose to thromboses. Our patient had not had recent easy bruising or bleeding, and the platelet count was normal.

We recommended observation, and the patient cancelled her one-month follow-up appointment, stating that her vision had fully recovered.

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